随着自动组件比例越来越多的新兴车辆系统提供了最佳控制的机会，以减轻交通拥堵和提高效率。最近有兴趣将深入增强学习（DRL）应用于这些非线性动力学系统，以自动设计有效的控制策略。尽管DRL是无模型的概念优势，但研究通常仍依赖于对特定车辆系统的艰苦训练设置。这是对各种车辆和机动性系统有效分析的关键挑战。为此，本文贡献了一种简化的用于车辆微仿真的方法，并以最少的手动设计发现了高性能控制策略。提出了一种可变的代理，多任务方法，以优化车辆部分观察到的马尔可夫决策过程。该方法在混合自治交通系统上进行了实验验证，该系统是自动化的。在六种不同的开放或封闭交通系统的所有配置中都可以观察到经验改进，通常比人类驾驶基线的15-60％。该研究揭示了许多紧急行为类似于缓解波浪，交通信号传导和坡道计量。最后，对新兴行为进行了分析，以产生可解释的控制策略，这些控制策略已通过学习的控制策略进行了验证。

我们介绍了\ textit {nocturne}，这是一种新的2D驾驶模拟器，用于调查部分可观察性下的多代理协调。夜曲的重点是在不具有计算机视觉的计算开销并从图像中提取特征的情况下，在现实世界中的推理和心理理论方面进行研究。该模拟器中的代理只会观察到场景的障碍，模仿人类的视觉传感限制。 Unlike existing benchmarks that are bottlenecked by rendering human-like observations directly using a camera input, Nocturne uses efficient intersection methods to compute a vectorized set of visible features in a C++ back-end, allowing the simulator to run at $2000+$ steps-per -第二。使用开源轨迹和映射数据，我们构建了一个模拟器，以加载和重播来自现实世界驾驶数据的任意轨迹和场景。使用这种环境，我们基准了加强学习和模仿学习剂，并证明这些代理远离人类水平的协调能力，并显着偏离专家轨迹。

近端策略优化（PPO）是一种普遍存在的上利期内学习算法，但在多代理设置中的非政策学习算法所使用的算法明显少得多。这通常是由于认为PPO的样品效率明显低于多代理系统中的销售方法。在这项工作中，我们仔细研究了合作多代理设置中PPO的性能。我们表明，基于PPO的多代理算法在四个受欢迎的多代理测试台上取得了令人惊讶的出色表现：粒子世界环境，星际争霸多代理挑战，哈纳比挑战赛和Google Research Football，并具有最少的超参数调谐任何特定领域的算法修改或架构。重要的是，与强大的非政策方法相比，PPO通常在最终奖励和样本效率中都能取得竞争性或优越的结果。最后，通过消融研究，我们分析了对PPO的经验表现至关重要的实施和高参数因素，并就这些因素提供了具体的实用建议。我们的结果表明，在使用这些实践时，简单的基于PPO的方法在合作多代理增强学习中是强大的基线。源代码可在https://github.com/marlbenchmark/on-policy上发布。

通过改善安全性，效率和移动性，自动车辆（AVS）的快速发展持有运输系统的巨大潜力。然而，通过AVS被采用的这些影响的进展尚不清楚。众多技术挑战是出于分析自治的部分采用：部分控制和观察，多车辆互动以及现实世界网络代表的纯粹场景的目标。本文研究了近期AV影响，研究了深度加强学习（RL）在低AV采用政权中克服了这些挑战的适用性。提出了一个模块化学习框架，它利用深rl来解决复杂的交通动态。模块组成用于捕获常见的交通现象（停止和转运交通拥堵，车道更改，交叉点）。在系统级速度方面，发现了学习的控制法则改善人类驾驶绩效，高达57％，只有4-7％的AVS。此外，在单线交通中，发现只有局部观察的小型神经网络控制规律消除了停止和转移的流量 - 超过所有已知的基于模型的控制器，以实现近乎最佳性能 - 并概括为OUT-分销交通密度。

While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.

Research has shown that climate change creates warmer temperatures and drier conditions, leading to longer wildfire seasons and increased wildfire risks in the United States. These factors have in turn led to increases in the frequency, extent, and severity of wildfires in recent years. Given the danger posed by wildland fires to people, property, wildlife, and the environment, there is an urgency to provide tools for effective wildfire management. Early detection of wildfires is essential to minimizing potentially catastrophic destruction. In this paper, we present our work on integrating multiple data sources in SmokeyNet, a deep learning model using spatio-temporal information to detect smoke from wildland fires. Camera image data is integrated with weather sensor measurements and processed by SmokeyNet to create a multimodal wildland fire smoke detection system. We present our results comparing performance in terms of both accuracy and time-to-detection for multimodal data vs. a single data source. With a time-to-detection of only a few minutes, SmokeyNet can serve as an automated early notification system, providing a useful tool in the fight against destructive wildfires.

The demand of high-resolution video contents has grown over the years. However, the delivery of high-resolution video is constrained by either computational resources required for rendering or network bandwidth for remote transmission. To remedy this limitation, we leverage the eye trackers found alongside existing augmented and virtual reality headsets. We propose the application of video super-resolution (VSR) technique to fuse low-resolution context with regional high-resolution context for resource-constrained consumption of high-resolution content without perceivable drop in quality. Eye trackers provide us the gaze direction of a user, aiding us in the extraction of the regional high-resolution context. As only pixels that falls within the gaze region can be resolved by the human eye, a large amount of the delivered content is redundant as we can't perceive the difference in quality of the region beyond the observed region. To generate a visually pleasing frame from the fusion of high-resolution region and low-resolution region, we study the capability of a deep neural network of transferring the context of the observed region to other regions (low-resolution) of the current and future frames. We label this task a Foveated Video Super-Resolution (FVSR), as we need to super-resolve the low-resolution regions of current and future frames through the fusion of pixels from the gaze region. We propose Cross-Resolution Flow Propagation (CRFP) for FVSR. We train and evaluate CRFP on REDS dataset on the task of 8x FVSR, i.e. a combination of 8x VSR and the fusion of foveated region. Departing from the conventional evaluation of per frame quality using SSIM or PSNR, we propose the evaluation of past foveated region, measuring the capability of a model to leverage the noise present in eye trackers during FVSR. Code is made available at https://github.com/eugenelet/CRFP.

A popular approach to creating a zero-shot cross-language retrieval model is to substitute a monolingual pretrained language model in the retrieval model with a multilingual pretrained language model such as Multilingual BERT. This multilingual model is fined-tuned to the retrieval task with monolingual data such as English MS MARCO using the same training recipe as the monolingual retrieval model used. However, such transferred models suffer from mismatches in the languages of the input text during training and inference. In this work, we propose transferring monolingual retrieval models using adapters, a parameter-efficient component for a transformer network. By adding adapters pretrained on language tasks for a specific language with task-specific adapters, prior work has shown that the adapter-enhanced models perform better than fine-tuning the entire model when transferring across languages in various NLP tasks. By constructing dense retrieval models with adapters, we show that models trained with monolingual data are more effective than fine-tuning the entire model when transferring to a Cross Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) setting. However, we found that the prior suggestion of replacing the language adapters to match the target language at inference time is suboptimal for dense retrieval models. We provide an in-depth analysis of this discrepancy between other cross-language NLP tasks and CLIR.

Reliable and automated 3D plant shoot segmentation is a core prerequisite for the extraction of plant phenotypic traits at the organ level. Combining deep learning and point clouds can provide effective ways to address the challenge. However, fully supervised deep learning methods require datasets to be point-wise annotated, which is extremely expensive and time-consuming. In our work, we proposed a novel weakly supervised framework, Eff-3DPSeg, for 3D plant shoot segmentation. First, high-resolution point clouds of soybean were reconstructed using a low-cost photogrammetry system, and the Meshlab-based Plant Annotator was developed for plant point cloud annotation. Second, a weakly-supervised deep learning method was proposed for plant organ segmentation. The method contained: (1) Pretraining a self-supervised network using Viewpoint Bottleneck loss to learn meaningful intrinsic structure representation from the raw point clouds; (2) Fine-tuning the pre-trained model with about only 0.5% points being annotated to implement plant organ segmentation. After, three phenotypic traits (stem diameter, leaf width, and leaf length) were extracted. To test the generality of the proposed method, the public dataset Pheno4D was included in this study. Experimental results showed that the weakly-supervised network obtained similar segmentation performance compared with the fully-supervised setting. Our method achieved 95.1%, 96.6%, 95.8% and 92.2% in the Precision, Recall, F1-score, and mIoU for stem leaf segmentation and 53%, 62.8% and 70.3% in the AP, AP@25, and AP@50 for leaf instance segmentation. This study provides an effective way for characterizing 3D plant architecture, which will become useful for plant breeders to enhance selection processes.

Automated medical image segmentation using deep neural networks typically requires substantial supervised training. However, these models fail to generalize well across different imaging modalities. This shortcoming, amplified by the limited availability of annotated data, has been hampering the deployment of such methods at a larger scale across modalities. To address these issues, we propose M-GenSeg, a new semi-supervised training strategy for accurate cross-modality tumor segmentation on unpaired bi-modal datasets. Based on image-level labels, a first unsupervised objective encourages the model to perform diseased to healthy translation by disentangling tumors from the background, which encompasses the segmentation task. Then, teaching the model to translate between image modalities enables the synthesis of target images from a source modality, thus leveraging the pixel-level annotations from the source modality to enforce generalization to the target modality images. We evaluated the performance on a brain tumor segmentation datasets composed of four different contrast sequences from the public BraTS 2020 challenge dataset. We report consistent improvement in Dice scores on both source and unannotated target modalities. On all twelve distinct domain adaptation experiments, the proposed model shows a clear improvement over state-of-the-art domain-adaptive baselines, with absolute Dice gains on the target modality reaching 0.15.